Brief Amici Curiae of Intellectual Property Professors in Support of Petitoner

Congress enacted the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in 1946 as a comprehensive statute to regulate the field of federal administrative law. In holding that the PTO Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences is not subject to the standards of judicial review set forth in the APA, the [Zurko] decision isolates patent law from the rest of administrative law and undermines the APA’s goal of achieving consistency and uniformity in federal administrative law

The secondary reserve count and bond investment account of US commercial banks, 1929-1936

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1947. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

The temperature sensitivity of elastic wave velocity at high pressure: New results for molybdenum

A new experimental technique is described whereby a material is heated to very high temperature (T), shock compressed to high pressure (P) (and higher T), and the compressional elastic wave velocity of the high P and T state is measured. This method has been applied to the high-pressure standard molybdenum at pressures between 12 and 81 GPa and at an initial temperature of 1400°C. The compressional velocity of Mo at 2450°C and 81 GPa is found to be 7.91 km/s, compared to a calculated value of 8.36 km/s at 81 GPa along the 25°C isotherm. Data for molybdenum, a number of other metals, and a silicate yield a consistent trend which can be used to determine the scaling coefficient between compressional velocity and temperature at geophysically relevant conditions

Sound Velocities at High Pressure and Temperature and Their Geophysical Implications

Temperature coefficients of compressional and bulk sound velocities at pressures on the order of 100 GPa are obtained from Hugoniot sound velocity measurements for solid Al, W, Cu, Ta, and Mg_2SiO_4. The Hugoniot velocities are compared to third-order finite strain extrapolations of velocities along the principal isentrope using ultrasonically determined coefficients. At low pressure, where thermal effects are minor, good agreement is found between the Hugoniot velocities and finite strain extrapolations. At high pressures, differences in velocities and temperatures are used to constrain temperature coefficients of velocity. For all materials studied except W, the temperature coefficients of velocity at pressures above 1 Mbar are a factor of 2 to 8 smaller in magnitude than zero-pressure values. In shock-melted materials, the Hugoniot sound velocities are close to finite strain velocities calculated from low-pressure properties of the solid phase for Mo, Ta, Pb, Fe, and alkali halides. The temperature coefficient determined for the high-pressure phases of forsterite above 100 GPa (| (∂V_P/∂T)_P| = 0.1 ± 0.1 m/s/K) is in agreement with estimates based on elastic and thermodynamic properties for the Earth. Our results indicate that |(∂VP/∂T)_P| is a decreasing function of pressure in contrast to residual sphere studies which suggest |(∂V_P/∂T)_P| is nearly constant with depth in the Earth. In combination with mineral physics estimates of thermal expansivity at High pressure, it is estimated that (∂V_P/∂ρ)_P = 2 (km/s)/(g/cm^3) for P > 100 GPa, with acceptable values ranging from 0 to 8. This overlaps the range of estimated lower mantle values based on seismic and geodetic data. Tomographic and free oscillation data require large increases in the parameter ν = (∂ ln V_S/∂ ln VP)_P under lower mantle conditions, relative to laboratory values. Available data for tungsten and aluminum yield ν values along the Hugoniot that are consistent with zero-pressure values for these materials, although uncertainties are ± 50%. Temperature coefficients of velocity at high pressure are used to make improved estimates of the magnitude of thermal heterogeneities sampled by seismic tomography. Long-wavelength compressional velocity anomalies at pressures in the 100–127 GPa range (2271–2891 km depth) in the lower mantle correspond to temperature variations of 120 ± 100 K, whereas those in the D″ region are likely to be a factor of 3 to 4 larger

Dynamic response of molybdenum shock compressed at 1400°C

Wave profile measurements are reported for pure molybdenum initially heated to 1400 °C and shock compressed to stresses between 12 and 81 GPa. The Hugoniot states are consistent with previous results and all data can be described by the parameters: c_0=4.78(2) km/s and s=1.42(2), where the numbers in parentheses are one standard deviation uncertainties in the last digits. The amplitude of the Hugoniot elastic limit is 1.5–1.7 GPa at 1400 °C compared with 25 °C values of 2.3–2.8 GPa. Unloading wave velocities range from 6.30(22) km/s at 12.0 GPa to 7.91(24) km/s at 80.7 GPa and are 4%–8% below extrapolated ultrasonic values and Hugoniot measurements from a room temperature initial state. These differences can be explained by the effect of temperature on the compressional elastic wave velocity. No temperature dependence of the dynamic tensile strength can be resolved from the present data

Thermal expansion of mantle and core materials at very high pressures

The thermal expansivities (α) of MgO and high-pressure phases of CaO, CaMgSi_2O_6, and Fe at ultrahigh pressure are obtained by comparing existing shock compression and temperature measurements to 300 K compression curves constructed from ultrasonic elasticity and static compression data. For MgO, α can be represented by: α = ρ_oγ_oC_V(ρ_o/ρ)^(0.5±0.5)/K_T where γ is the Grüneisen parameter, C_V is the constant volume specific heat, K_T is the isothermal bulk modulus, and ρ is the density. Using this expression, the thermal expansivity of MgO is 28-32×10^(−6)K^(−1) at the pressure of the top of the lower mantle and 10-16×10^(−6)K^(−1) at its base (at 2000 K). New data for α of ε-Fe, together with an inner core temperature of 6750 K, constrain the density of the inner core to be 5±2% less than the density of ε-Fe, implying the inner core contains a light element